1  Questions, evidence, and scientific judgment

1.1 Learning objective

Distinguish a question, an analytical result, and a biological claim.

1.2 Content to develop

• Separate observable evidence from interpretation.
• Record missing information before judging correctness.
• Recognize that a response can contain sound reasoning, errors, and unresolved claims.

1.3 Practice task

Break a supplied response into claims and identify the evidence each claim needs.

1.4 Checkpoint

Can another reader trace each conclusion to evidence and understand what remains uncertain?

1.5 Deliverable

A claim inventory with provisional judgments.

Authoring status

Chapter outline ready. Add a worked example, learner instructions, verified outputs where applicable, and a collapsible explanation before release.